Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Maisaroh,Thahirah
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The Role of Posyandu in Monitoring Toddler Growth and the Prevalence of Stunting in Indonesia
Corresponding Author(s) : Siti Maisaroh
International Research of Multidisciplinary Analysis,
Vol. 3 No. 10 (2025): International Research of Multidisciplinary Analysis
Abstract
Background: Posyandu are the primary venues for monitoring the growth of toddlers in the community; however, the national prevalence of stunting remained virtually unchanged from 2022 to 2023. Objective: To compare the prevalence of stunting across provinces in the 2022 SSGI and the 2023 SKI and to examine its consistency with trends in growth monitoring indicators at Posyandu. Methods: An ecological study using publicly available secondary data from the Ministry of Health. Changes in prevalence across 32 provinces with comparable geographical boundaries were tested using the Wilcoxon test and paired t-tests; regional differences were tested using the Mann–Whitney test; and Posyandu indicators from 2021–2023 were compared descriptively. Results: The median provincial prevalence was 21.6% (IQR 18.6–27.0) in 2022 and 22.3% (IQR 17.9–25.3) in 2023 (Wilcoxon p = 0.41); 17 provinces showed a decrease and 15 showed an increase. Only three provinces fell below the 14% target, and provinces outside Java–Bali had a higher median (24.6% vs. 18.0%; p = 0.021). The proportion of toddlers whose growth was monitored increased from 68.9% to 82.2% (2021–2023), while only 55.8% of toddlers were weighed ≥8 times a year. Conclusion: Increased administrative coverage of posyandu has not been accompanied by a significant reduction in stunting; strengthening the quality of monitoring, follow-up, and the role of village midwives is necessary.
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- Annur, C. M. (February 2, 2023). Indonesia’s 2022 stunting prevalence rate: Which province had the highest rate? Databoks. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/en/consumer-services/statistics/431ef7319d34be5/indonesias-2022-stunting-prevalence-rate-which-province-had-the-highest-rate
- Ashworth, A., Shrimpton, R., & Jamil, K. (2008). Growth monitoring and promotion: Review of evidence of impact. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 4(s1), 86–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2007.00125.x
- Health Development Policy Agency. (2024). Nutrition fact sheet: Indonesian Health Survey (SKI) 2023. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/5535/1/06%20factsheet%20Gizi%20SKI_bahasa.pdf
- Beal, T., Tumilowicz, A., Sutrisna, A., Izwardy, D., & Neufeld, L. M. (2018). A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14(4), Article e12617. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12617
- Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., & Uauy, R. (2013). Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 382(9890), 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
- Directorate General of Public Health. (2024). 2023 Public Health Profile. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. https://kesprimkom.kemkes.go.id/assets/uploads/contents/others/Profil_Kesehatan_Masyarakat_Tahun_2023.pdf
- Kompas.com. (May 14, 2023). 21.6 percent of toddlers in Indonesia were stunted in 2022, with NTT having the highest rate. https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2023/05/14/180000686/21-6-persen-balita-di-indonesia-stunting-pada-2022-ntt-paling-banyak
- Kompas.com. (2024a, May 10). 23 provinces have stunting prevalence rates above the national average. https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2024/05/10/140000786/23-provinsi-punya-prevalensi-stunting-di-atas-nasional
- Kompas.com. (2024b, May 13). The 10 provinces with the lowest stunting prevalence. https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2024/05/13/150000786/10-provinsi-dengan-prevalensi-stunting-terendah
- Mangasaryan, N., Arabi, M., & Schultink, W. (2011). Revisiting the concept of growth monitoring and its possible role in community-based nutrition programs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200105
- Nazri, C., Yamazaki, C., Kameo, S., Herawati, D. M. D., Sekarwana, N., Raksanagara, A., & Koyama, H. (2016). Factors influencing mothers’ participation in Posyandu to improve the nutritional status of children under five in North Aceh District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. BMC Public Health, 16(1), Article 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2732-7
- Government of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Presidential Regulation No. 72 of 2021 on Accelerating the Reduction of Stunting.
- Siswati, T., Iskandar, S., Pramestuti, N., Raharjo, J., Rialihanto, M. P., Rubaya, A. K., & Wiratama, B. S. (2022). Effect of a short course on improving the cadres’ knowledge in the context of reducing stunting through home visits in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), Article 9843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169843
- Titaley, C. R., Ariawan, I., Hapsari, D., Muasyaroh, A., & Dibley, M. J. (2019). Determinants of stunting among children under two years of age in Indonesia: A multilevel analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients, 11(5), Article 1106. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051106
- Torlesse, H., Cronin, A. A., Sebayang, S. K., & Nandy, R. (2016). Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey indicates a prominent role for the water, sanitation, and hygiene sector in reducing stunting. BMC Public Health, 16(1), Article 669. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3339-8
- Victora, C. G., Adair, L., Fall, C., Hallal, P. C., Martorell, R., Richter, L., & Sachdev, H. S. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet, 371(9609), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4
- WHO Multicenter Growth Reference Study Group. (2006). WHO child growth standards based on length/height, weight, and age. *Acta Paediatrica*, 95(S450), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x
References
Annur, C. M. (February 2, 2023). Indonesia’s 2022 stunting prevalence rate: Which province had the highest rate? Databoks. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/en/consumer-services/statistics/431ef7319d34be5/indonesias-2022-stunting-prevalence-rate-which-province-had-the-highest-rate
Ashworth, A., Shrimpton, R., & Jamil, K. (2008). Growth monitoring and promotion: Review of evidence of impact. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 4(s1), 86–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2007.00125.x
Health Development Policy Agency. (2024). Nutrition fact sheet: Indonesian Health Survey (SKI) 2023. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/5535/1/06%20factsheet%20Gizi%20SKI_bahasa.pdf
Beal, T., Tumilowicz, A., Sutrisna, A., Izwardy, D., & Neufeld, L. M. (2018). A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14(4), Article e12617. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12617
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., & Uauy, R. (2013). Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 382(9890), 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
Directorate General of Public Health. (2024). 2023 Public Health Profile. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. https://kesprimkom.kemkes.go.id/assets/uploads/contents/others/Profil_Kesehatan_Masyarakat_Tahun_2023.pdf
Kompas.com. (May 14, 2023). 21.6 percent of toddlers in Indonesia were stunted in 2022, with NTT having the highest rate. https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2023/05/14/180000686/21-6-persen-balita-di-indonesia-stunting-pada-2022-ntt-paling-banyak
Kompas.com. (2024a, May 10). 23 provinces have stunting prevalence rates above the national average. https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2024/05/10/140000786/23-provinsi-punya-prevalensi-stunting-di-atas-nasional
Kompas.com. (2024b, May 13). The 10 provinces with the lowest stunting prevalence. https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2024/05/13/150000786/10-provinsi-dengan-prevalensi-stunting-terendah
Mangasaryan, N., Arabi, M., & Schultink, W. (2011). Revisiting the concept of growth monitoring and its possible role in community-based nutrition programs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200105
Nazri, C., Yamazaki, C., Kameo, S., Herawati, D. M. D., Sekarwana, N., Raksanagara, A., & Koyama, H. (2016). Factors influencing mothers’ participation in Posyandu to improve the nutritional status of children under five in North Aceh District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. BMC Public Health, 16(1), Article 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2732-7
Government of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Presidential Regulation No. 72 of 2021 on Accelerating the Reduction of Stunting.
Siswati, T., Iskandar, S., Pramestuti, N., Raharjo, J., Rialihanto, M. P., Rubaya, A. K., & Wiratama, B. S. (2022). Effect of a short course on improving the cadres’ knowledge in the context of reducing stunting through home visits in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), Article 9843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169843
Titaley, C. R., Ariawan, I., Hapsari, D., Muasyaroh, A., & Dibley, M. J. (2019). Determinants of stunting among children under two years of age in Indonesia: A multilevel analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients, 11(5), Article 1106. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051106
Torlesse, H., Cronin, A. A., Sebayang, S. K., & Nandy, R. (2016). Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey indicates a prominent role for the water, sanitation, and hygiene sector in reducing stunting. BMC Public Health, 16(1), Article 669. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3339-8
Victora, C. G., Adair, L., Fall, C., Hallal, P. C., Martorell, R., Richter, L., & Sachdev, H. S. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet, 371(9609), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4
WHO Multicenter Growth Reference Study Group. (2006). WHO child growth standards based on length/height, weight, and age. *Acta Paediatrica*, 95(S450), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x