Copyright (c) 2026 Faiz Muqorrir Kaaffah, Khaerul Manaf, Beki Subaeki
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
loT- Based Sensor Applications for Water Quality Monitoring in Intensive Aquaculture Systems
Corresponding Author(s) : Faiz Muqorrir Kaaffah
International Research of Multidisciplinary Analysis,
Vol. 4 No. 5 (2026): International Research of Multidisciplinary Analysis
Abstract
Intensive aquaculture requires strict water quality monitoring because fluctuations in parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and ammonia can cause stress and even mass mortality among farmed organisms. Accurate and timely monitoring is a critical operational requirement to ensure the sustainability and profitability of intensive aquaculture operations in meeting global demand for animal protein.
This study aims to design, develop, and test a comprehensive, cost-effective IoT sensor system for real-time water quality monitoring in intensive aquaculture ponds. By integrating multi-parameter sensors into a platform connected to an automated aeration system, the system sends early warnings and action recommendations to farmers via a mobile app in areas with limited connectivity.
The methodology employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), a systematic, explicit, and reproducible approach to identify, evaluate, and synthesize relevant empirical evidence from the scientific literature. The SLR produces a comprehensive and objective synthesis of research findings, minimizes bias, and provides an evidence-based foundation for decision-making, following a structured protocol for the critical evaluation of study quality and relevance.
The discussion covers four categories: the basic implementation of an IoT system monitoring key parameters provides real-time data and early warnings to boost productivity at low cost—a game-changer that minimizes risks and reliance on manual labor; connectivity innovations using LoRa technology transmit sensor data without adequate WiFi or cellular infrastructure, eliminating adoption barriers for small-to-medium-scale farmers; commodity-specific parameter expansion using TDS and turbidity sensors achieving high accuracy with an error rate <0.5% for sensitive aquaculture such as shrimp farming; system integration and automated response demonstrating the integration of sensors with automatic feed-dispensing actuators to create a responsive and autonomous closed-loop system.
This study concludes that IoT systems monitoring fundamental parameters such as temperature, pH, and DO are viable and provide significant benefits in the form of increased productivity through proactive management. LoRa technology successfully overcomes connectivity challenges in remote areas, expanding the scope of IoT applications. Monitoring specific parameters with high accuracy is key to cultivating sensitive commodities. The future of precision aquaculture lies in the integration of IoT monitoring with automated control to create a responsive and autonomous cultivation environment
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- Darshana Dandina, & Dr. Shivprasad K M. (2025). Ai-Powered Emergency Alert System for Elderly People Using Health Vitals. International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH), 3(09), 3612–3618. https://doi.org/10.47392/IRJAEH.2025.0527
- De Freitas, F. A., Nobrega, O. de O., Lins, F. A. A., Santos, J. F. Dos, Galvez, A. O., & Santos, E. P. Dos. (2024). A Low-Cost IoT-Based Solution for Water Quality Monitoring in Aquaculture 4.0. 2024 IEEE 10th World Forum on Internet of Things, WF-IoT 2024, 517–522. https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IOT62078.2024.10811429
- Eka Kusuma Pratama. (2025). Integration of IoT Sensors in Early Warning Systems for Mass Fish Deaths in Fish Farms. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering Applications (JAIEA), 4(3), 1915–1919. https://doi.org/10.59934/JAIEA.V4I3.1046
- Huy, N. Q., Giang, V. T. T., Quan, L. V., & Cuong, H. V. T. (2020). Application of the Internet of Things technology (IoT) in Designing an Automatic Water Quality Monitoring System for Aquaculture Ponds. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(2), 624–635. https://doi.org/10.31817/10.31817/VJAS.2020.3.2.06
- IoT Enabled Advancement Water Quality Monitoring System for Pond Management & Environment Conservation (Without WIFI). (2025). Journal on Electronic and Automation Engineering, 4(2 June 2025), 129–133. https://doi.org/10.46632/JEAE/4/2/19
- Ismail, R., Shafinah, K., & Latif, K. (2020). A Proposed Model of Fishpond Water Quality Measurement and Monitoring System based on Internet of Things (IoT). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 494(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/494/1/012016
- Kasu, S. A., Mathukumalli, S., Done, H., Yalavarthy, G., & Veeramalla, S. K. (2023). Iot-based real-time water quality monitoring in aquaculture systems enhancing aquatic species health. Intelligent Engineering Applications and Applied Sciences for Sustainability, 406–424. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0044-2.CH021
- Melangi, S., Asri, M., & Hulukati, S. A. (2022). Sistem Monitoring Informasi Kualitas dan Kekeruhan Air Tambak Berbasis Internet of Things. Jambura Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 4(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.37905/JJEEE.V4I1.12061
- NGUYEN, D. T., LUONG, T. L., NGUYEN, N. M., NGUYEN, T. Q., LE, N. T. N., TRUONG, C. D., Nguyen Thi Lieu, Ho Van Lam, DINH, Q. K., HUYNH, D. C., VO, V., & NGUYEN, T. V. H. (2024). Monitoring Water Quality Parameters in Aquaculture Using Edge Computing. Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption, 12(2), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.62239/JCA.2024.047
- Putra, F. P. E., Ubaidi, U., Saputra, R. N., Haris, F. M., & Barokah, S. N. R. (2024). Application of Internet of Things Technology in Monitoring Water Quality in Fishponds. Brilliance: Research of Artificial Intelligence, 4(1), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.47709/BRILLIANCE.V4I1.4231
- Putri, S. E., & Arinal, V. (2025). Pengembangan Sistem Monitoring Kualitas Air dan Kendali Pakan Otomatis untuk Budidaya Ikan Berbasis Internet of Things. Jurnal Indonesia : Manajemen Informatika Dan Komunikasi, 6(3), 1884–1892. https://doi.org/10.63447/JIMIK.V6I3.1605
- Sari, T. E., Satria, E., & Rajak, A. (2024). PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM TERINTEGRASI BERBASIS IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS) UNTUK MONITORING DAN KONTROL KUALITAS AIR PADA BUDIDAYA TAMBAK UDANG DARATAN. Journal of Science and Applicative Technology, 8(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.35472/JSAT.V8I1.1698
- Wu, G. (2022). Nutrition and Metabolism: Foundations for Animal Growth, Development, Reproduction, and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1354, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_1
- Yadav, A., Noori, M. T., Biswas, A., & Min, B. (2023). A Concise Review on the Recent Developments in the Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Smart Aquaculture Practices. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 31(1), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2022.2090228
- Zafi, A., Saputra, B. D., & Bianto, M. A. (2024). THE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR WATER QUALITY IS BASED ON THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) AND USES A TDS SENSOR. Indonesian Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 1(2), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.38040/IJENSET.V1I2.1015
References
Darshana Dandina, & Dr. Shivprasad K M. (2025). Ai-Powered Emergency Alert System for Elderly People Using Health Vitals. International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH), 3(09), 3612–3618. https://doi.org/10.47392/IRJAEH.2025.0527
De Freitas, F. A., Nobrega, O. de O., Lins, F. A. A., Santos, J. F. Dos, Galvez, A. O., & Santos, E. P. Dos. (2024). A Low-Cost IoT-Based Solution for Water Quality Monitoring in Aquaculture 4.0. 2024 IEEE 10th World Forum on Internet of Things, WF-IoT 2024, 517–522. https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IOT62078.2024.10811429
Eka Kusuma Pratama. (2025). Integration of IoT Sensors in Early Warning Systems for Mass Fish Deaths in Fish Farms. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering Applications (JAIEA), 4(3), 1915–1919. https://doi.org/10.59934/JAIEA.V4I3.1046
Huy, N. Q., Giang, V. T. T., Quan, L. V., & Cuong, H. V. T. (2020). Application of the Internet of Things technology (IoT) in Designing an Automatic Water Quality Monitoring System for Aquaculture Ponds. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(2), 624–635. https://doi.org/10.31817/10.31817/VJAS.2020.3.2.06
IoT Enabled Advancement Water Quality Monitoring System for Pond Management & Environment Conservation (Without WIFI). (2025). Journal on Electronic and Automation Engineering, 4(2 June 2025), 129–133. https://doi.org/10.46632/JEAE/4/2/19
Ismail, R., Shafinah, K., & Latif, K. (2020). A Proposed Model of Fishpond Water Quality Measurement and Monitoring System based on Internet of Things (IoT). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 494(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/494/1/012016
Kasu, S. A., Mathukumalli, S., Done, H., Yalavarthy, G., & Veeramalla, S. K. (2023). Iot-based real-time water quality monitoring in aquaculture systems enhancing aquatic species health. Intelligent Engineering Applications and Applied Sciences for Sustainability, 406–424. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0044-2.CH021
Melangi, S., Asri, M., & Hulukati, S. A. (2022). Sistem Monitoring Informasi Kualitas dan Kekeruhan Air Tambak Berbasis Internet of Things. Jambura Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 4(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.37905/JJEEE.V4I1.12061
NGUYEN, D. T., LUONG, T. L., NGUYEN, N. M., NGUYEN, T. Q., LE, N. T. N., TRUONG, C. D., Nguyen Thi Lieu, Ho Van Lam, DINH, Q. K., HUYNH, D. C., VO, V., & NGUYEN, T. V. H. (2024). Monitoring Water Quality Parameters in Aquaculture Using Edge Computing. Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption, 12(2), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.62239/JCA.2024.047
Putra, F. P. E., Ubaidi, U., Saputra, R. N., Haris, F. M., & Barokah, S. N. R. (2024). Application of Internet of Things Technology in Monitoring Water Quality in Fishponds. Brilliance: Research of Artificial Intelligence, 4(1), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.47709/BRILLIANCE.V4I1.4231
Putri, S. E., & Arinal, V. (2025). Pengembangan Sistem Monitoring Kualitas Air dan Kendali Pakan Otomatis untuk Budidaya Ikan Berbasis Internet of Things. Jurnal Indonesia : Manajemen Informatika Dan Komunikasi, 6(3), 1884–1892. https://doi.org/10.63447/JIMIK.V6I3.1605
Sari, T. E., Satria, E., & Rajak, A. (2024). PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM TERINTEGRASI BERBASIS IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS) UNTUK MONITORING DAN KONTROL KUALITAS AIR PADA BUDIDAYA TAMBAK UDANG DARATAN. Journal of Science and Applicative Technology, 8(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.35472/JSAT.V8I1.1698
Wu, G. (2022). Nutrition and Metabolism: Foundations for Animal Growth, Development, Reproduction, and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1354, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_1
Yadav, A., Noori, M. T., Biswas, A., & Min, B. (2023). A Concise Review on the Recent Developments in the Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Smart Aquaculture Practices. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 31(1), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2022.2090228
Zafi, A., Saputra, B. D., & Bianto, M. A. (2024). THE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR WATER QUALITY IS BASED ON THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) AND USES A TDS SENSOR. Indonesian Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 1(2), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.38040/IJENSET.V1I2.1015